(a) State any four personal barriers to communication.

Personal barriers to communication: 1. Fear of challenge to authority may lead a superior to withhold or suppress a particular communication if it is perceived to adversely affect his or her authority. 2. Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates may lead him to not seek advice or opinions from the subordinates if he doubts their competency. 3. Unwillingness to communicate may arise when subordinates are not prepared to communicate with their superiors if they perceive that it may adversely affect their interests. 4. Lack of proper incentives for communication may result in subordinates not taking the initiative to communicate. Or Q. (b) State the relationship between planning and controlling functions of management. Relationship between planning and controlling ▪ Controlling takes place on the basis of standards developed by planning because if the standards are not set in advance, managers have nothing to control. ▪ Planning without controlling is meaningless because once a plan becomes operational, controlling ensures that events conform to the plans. ▪ Planning is prescriptive whereas controlling is evaluative because planning prescribes an appropriate course of action while controlling evaluates whether decisions have been translated into desired actions. ▪ Both planning and controlling are forward looking as well as looking back because plans are prepared for the future but are guided by past experience, and controlling seeks to improve the future by comparing actual performance with the standards set in the past.