CBSE Class 12 Economics 2025
163 questions · 428 marks · every one with the board’s own marking-scheme answer.
Marks by chapter
Counted from the 163 questions listed below, as the 2025 papers print them. CBSE allocates marks per unit, not per chapter — this is what was observed, not an official CBSE weightage. Every year compared →
| Chapter | Marks | Share |
|---|---|---|
| National Income Accounting21 questions | 76 | 17.8% |
| Determination of Income and Employment29 questions | 71 | 16.6% |
| Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation: An Appraisal10 questions | 36 | 8.4% |
| Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours15 questions | 35 | 8.2% |
| Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues12 questions | 34 | 7.9% |
| Open Economy Macroeconomics15 questions | 30 | 7.0% |
| Money and Banking11 questions | 29 | 6.8% |
| Rural Development13 questions | 27 | 6.3% |
| Government Budget and the Economy10 questions | 24 | 5.6% |
| Indian Economy 1950-19908 questions | 21 | 4.9% |
| Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence8 questions | 18 | 4.2% |
| Human Capital Formation in India7 questions | 18 | 4.2% |
| Environment and Sustainable Development4 questions | 9 | 2.1% |
163 questions from 2025
- Q1To arrive at the value of Net Value Added at Market Price (NVA_MP ), must be to/from Gross Value Added at Market Price…1 mk
- Q1Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The government may reduce the repo rate, to control deflationary…1 mk
- Q1Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Keeping other things constant, there exists positive correlation…1 mk
- Q1If the value of Investment Multiplier (K) is 5, the relevant saving function would be. (Choose the correct option to…1 mk
- Q2Identify, which of the following does not represent a public good. (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q2To arrive at the value of Gross Value Added at Factor Cost (GVA_FC ), must be to/from Gross Value Added at Market Price…1 mk
- Q2Using the given information, complete the following table: (Choose the correct option) 2014 – 2015 2016 – 2017 Nominal…1 mk
- Q2Identify, which of the following items will not be included in estimating National Income of India. (Choose the correct…1 mk
- Q3releases data of money supply in India. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q3Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Public goods are those goods for which the payments are made by…1 mk
- Q3If an upward sloping straight line consumption function makes an intercept at the Y-axis at a positive coordinate, it…1 mk
- Q3Market forces of demand and supply, actively interact under exchange rate system to determine the foreign exchange…1 mk
- Q4Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R) carefully. Choose the correct option from those given below:…1 mk
- Q4Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: During deflationary gap, the Central Bank of a country may…1 mk
- Q4Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R) carefully. Choose the correct option from those given below:…1 mk
- Q4Under the Exchange Rate System, the Central Bank can control the foreign exchange rate in a range bound manner. (Choose…1 mk
- Q5Central Bank can decrease the money supply in the economy by. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q5Under the Keynesian theory, ‘Reference Line’ is a straight line passing through the origin drawn at an angle of.…1 mk
- Q5Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from the options given below:…1 mk
- Q5Commercial banks are regarded as money creators because: (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q6According to the data presented in the Union Budget 2023 – 24, the total receipts of the government (other than…1 mk
- Q6If the total credit created by the banks is ₹ 500 and Reserve Ratio is 20%, the value of primary deposits would be.…1 mk
- Q6Under the Keynesian theory, ‘Reference Line’ is a straight line passing through the origin drawn at an angle of.…1 mk
- Q6Suppose, the consumption function is given as: C = 205 + 0.9 Y (where C = Total Consumption and Y = National Income)…1 mk
- Q7Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) exhibits the consumption per…1 mk
- Q7Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) exhibits the slope of function. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q7Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) refers to the consumption…1 mk
- Q7Using the given information, complete the following table: (Choose the correct option) Income (Y) (in ₹ crore ) Savings…1 mk
- Q8The main objective of measuring the primary deficit is to highlight present. (Choose the correct option to fill in the…1 mk
- Q8Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Open Market Operations refers to purchase/sale of Government…1 mk
- Q8In a two-sector economy, Aggregate Supply can be determined by adding and. (Choose the correct option to fill in the…1 mk
- Q8Identify, which of the following is not a source of demand for foreign exchange. (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q9Suppose in an economy, planned spendings are greater than planned outputs. Identify the correct option with respect to…1 mk
- Q9Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Foreign aids are the capital receipts for the government.…1 mk
- Q9Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Import of heavy machinery from Japan is a source of demand for…1 mk
- Q9Aggregate expenditure in the economy during an accounting year is also known as. (Choose the correct option to fill in…1 mk
- Q10Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The price of a given currency in terms of another is known as…1 mk
- Q10In a two-sector economy, the Aggregate Demand can be determined by adding and. (Choose the correct option to fill in…1 mk
- Q10The 45° line in Keynesian economics indicates. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q10From the following, identify the situation which indicates the Current Account Surplus (CAS) in Balance of Payments…1 mk
- Q11Explain any two precautions pertaining to the Income Method of Estimation of National Income in a country. OR On the…3 mk
- Q11Distinguish between Balance Payment and Balance of Trade.3 mk
- Q11Calculate the value of ‘Sales’ from the following data: S. No. Particulars Amount (in ₹ lakh) (i) Subsidies 200 (ii)…3 mk
- Q11Distinguish between autonomous transactions and accommodating transactions in the Balance of Payments of the economy.3 mk
- Q11Distinguish between Current account and Capital account.3 mk
- Q11State the steps pertaining to the estimation of National Income, under the Income Method. OR On the basis of the…3 mk
- Q11State and explain any two precautions that must be taken while estimating national income by expenditure method. OR…3 mk
- Q11Explain any two precautions pertaining to the Expenditure Method of estimation of National Income in a country. OR On…3 mk
- Q11State and explain any two precautions that must be taken while estimating national income by production method/output…3 mk
- Q12“As per the Economic Survey of India 2022 – 23, due to the outbreak of geopolitical conflict, the result was higher…3 mk
- Q12State the steps pertaining to the estimation of National Income, under the Value Added Method. OR On the basis of the…3 mk
- Q12On the basis of the following hypothetical data, calculate the percentage change in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)…3 mk
- Q12Explain any two precautions pertaining to the Value Added Method of Estimation of National Income in a country. OR On…3 mk
- Q12“Taxation is an effective tool to reduce the inequalities of income.” Justify the given statement with valid reasons.3 mk
- Q12Identify and explain any one function of Central Bank as indicated in the image given below:3 mk
- Q12Calculate Domestic Income (NDP_FC ) from the data given below: S. No. Particulars Amount (in ₹ lakh) (i) Gross National…3 mk
- Q13“In an economy, ex-ante Aggregate Demand (AD) is more than ex-ante Aggregate Supply (AS).” Explain the likely impact of…4 mk
- Q13Elaborate any two components of the Capital Account under the Balance of Payments Account. OR Distinguish between…4 mk
- Q13(i) “In an economy, ex-ante investment (I) exceeds ex-ante savings (S).” Explain the likely impact of the given…4 mk
- Q13“In an economy ex-ante investment (I) is less than ex-post savings (S).” Explain the likely impact of the given…4 mk
- Q13Suppose for two imaginary economies A and B, the values of Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) stand at 0·2 and 0·4…4 mk
- Q13“The Indian economy has witnessed a sharp turnaround during 2023 – 24 with Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflows of…4 mk
- Q13Estimate the value of Aggregate Demand (AD) in an imaginary economy: (i) Autonomous Investment (I_0 ) = ₹ 100 crore…4 mk
- Q14Assuming for a hypothetical economy: (i) Autonomous Consumption Expenditure ( c̄ ) = ₹ 250 crore (ii) Marginal…4 mk
- Q14Suppose for two imaginary economies A and B, the value of Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) stands at 0·8 and 0·6…4 mk
- Q14(i) Distinguish between Balance of Payments and Balance of Trade. (ii) Define Current Account Surplus. OR (i) Using…4 mk
- Q14“An economy is operating at under-employment level of income.” What does this situation indicate? Discuss any one…4 mk
- Q15Read the following text carefully: According to a report issued by a research organisation, there is a sharp decline in…4 mk
- Q15“Margin requirements are extremely helpful in correcting the situation of deflationary gap in an economy”. Justify the…4 mk
- Q15Assuming the following for a hypothetical economy, estimate the Break-even level of Income and Equilibrium level of…4 mk
- Q15“In the 1990s, on the advice of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Government of India took a decision of hypothecation…4 mk
- Q15Assuming the following for a hypothetical economy, estimate the level of Break-even Income and Equilibrium Income: (i)…4 mk
- Q15Read the following text carefully: In an economy, a significant reduction in Aggregate demand raised concerns about…4 mk
- Q15Estimate the value of Aggregate Demand (AD) in an imaginary economy: (i) Autonomous Investment ( I_0 ) = ₹ 200 crore…4 mk
- Q15Suppose for two imaginary economies A and B, the value of Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) stands at 0·5 and 0·8…4 mk
- Q16Read the following text carefully: Government provides certain goods and services which cannot be provided by the…6 mk
- Q16(i) Explain the likely impact of construction of 100 new super speciality hospitals in a nation on Gross Domestic…6 mk
- Q16“In a country, routine economic operations rely on a stable medium, to facilitate transactions for maintaining smooth…6 mk
- Q16(i) “Domestic income is always less than national income.” Do you agree with the given statement? Support your answer…6 mk
- Q16(i) Suppose there are only three firms in an imaginary economy, viz. X, Y and Z. During a year, the following…6 mk
- Q16(i) On the basis of the following data, estimate the value of Net Domestic Product (NDP_FC ): S.No. Items Amount (in ₹…6 mk
- Q17(i) Explain the likely impact of construction of 20 new flyovers in a nation on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and…6 mk
- Q17(i) Suppose, there are only three firms in a hypothetical economy, viz. A, B and C. During a given period of time, the…6 mk
- Q17Elaborate the process of Credit Creation using a suitable numerical example. Read the following text carefully: “This…6 mk
- Q17(i) Suppose, there are only three firms in a hypothetical economy, viz. A, B and C. During a given period of time, the…6 mk
- Q17Read the following text carefully: The Union Budget 2025-26 introduces a series of measures aimed at strengthening the…6 mk
- Q18Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The British policies were accountable for commercialisation of…1 mk
- Q18Production of diverse varieties of crops, rather than one specialised crop, is known as diversification of. (Choose the…1 mk
- Q18Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R) carefully. Choose the correct alternative from those given…1 mk
- Q18Identify, which of the following is not a feature of physical capital. (Choose the correct option) (i) Tangibility (ii)…1 mk
- Q19Prime beneficiary of the Minimum Support Price (MSP) fixed by the government is. (Choose the correct option to fill in…1 mk
- Q19Mao initiated the ‘Great Leap Forward’ movement in the year. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q19Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from the options given below:…1 mk
- Q19Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R). Choose the correct option from the options given below:…1 mk
- Q20“The Indian Government adopted a policy of fixing maximum land holding limit (ownership) for an individual.” It is…1 mk
- Q20In the post-independence era, the policy makers of India emphasised on ‘self-reliance’ for the first Five Year Plans.…1 mk
- Q20Identify, which of the following does not indicate the similarities in the policies of India and Pakistan in the post…1 mk
- Q20Identify, the incorrect feature associated with the formal sector of employment in any economy. (Choose the correct…1 mk
- Q21Identify, which of the following statements is incorrect about the Rural Banking system in India. (Choose the correct…1 mk
- Q21Identify, which of the following statements is incorrect about the Rural Banking system in India. (Choose the correct…1 mk
- Q21Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: In order to address the problem of water and air pollution in…1 mk
- Q21Study the following image and identify the measure adopted by the Government to improve agricultural marketing. (Choose…1 mk
- Q22Modernization is an important economic planning objective that focuses on. (Choose the correct option to fill in the…1 mk
- Q22In the post-independence era, the policy makers of India pushed for ‘self-reliance’ for the first Five Year Plans.…1 mk
- Q22Identify, which of the following statements is incorrect about the functions of environment. (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q22Identify, which of the following correctly defines liberalization. (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q23Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from the options given below:…1 mk
- Q23In China, under, peasants were provided with pooled land to create larger fields that could yield greater output and…1 mk
- Q23Recently, India hosted and chaired the summit of one of the regional and economic groupings. (Choose the correct option…1 mk
- Q23Production of diverse varieties of crops rather than one specialized crop is known as diversification of. (Choose the…1 mk
- Q24“Suppose an imaginary economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any…1 mk
- Q24Identify, which of the following statements is incorrect about the functions of environment. (Choose the correct option)1 mk
- Q24Under unemployment the marginal productivity of a worker is equal to zero. (Choose the correct option to fill in the…1 mk
- Q24White Revolution is associated with. (Choose the correct option to fill in the blank)1 mk
- Q25Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The Food Corporation of India maintains buffer stocks of wheat…1 mk
- Q25indicator may be defined as the measure of the extent of demographic participation in social and political…1 mk
- Q25Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The British policies led to huge employment generation in the…1 mk
- Q25is one of the demographic indicators in which Pakistan is ahead of India and China. (Choose the correct option to fill…1 mk
- Q26Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: The purchase of food grains, made by the government on the…1 mk
- Q26Read the following statements carefully: Statement 1: Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn means of…1 mk
- Q26Suppose an economy is experiencing a situation of rise in Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), without any corresponding…1 mk
- Q26Outsourcing from India has become more intensified in recent times due to the expansion of the sector. (Choose the…1 mk
- Q27Read the following statements – Assertion and Reason (R). Choose the correct alternative from the options given below:…1 mk
- Q27Suppose the percentage of casual workers rises in an economy as compared to the regular workers. This situation may be…1 mk
- Q27Which of the following country/countries followed the Five Year Planning structure of economic development? (Choose the…1 mk
- Q27Study the following image carefully: From the following, choose the correct option which indicates similarities in the…1 mk
- Q28“British colonial rule in India executed a systematic economic exploitation that involved the extraction of India’s…3 mk
- Q28“Many economists believe that India paid a very heavy price for the British industrialisation, by becoming their feeder…3 mk
- Q28Elaborate the reasons responsible for emergence of poverty in Pakistan.3 mk
- Q28“India has become a favourable destination of outsourcing for most of the Multinational Companies (MNCs).” Justify the…3 mk
- Q28“During the British rule, contribution of industrial sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) remained very low.”…3 mk
- Q28Elaborate the economic reforms in agriculture sector undertaken by China.3 mk
- Q29Some economists argue that: “Post-1991 economic reforms, globalisation played a major role in poor performance of the…3 mk
- Q29Using the following data, analyse the sectoral contribution of India and Pakistan towards Gross Value Added (GVA).…3 mk
- Q29“Under the British rule, India underwent systematic economic exploitation with its resources and wealth being diverted…3 mk
- Q29“The trade and investment policy initiated by the Indian Government during 1991 economic reforms involved some major…3 mk
- Q29"British colonial rule in India resulted into systematic deindustrialisation of Indian indigenous industries." Explain…3 mk
- Q29On the basis of the given image, explain the source of human capital formation which may contribute to the economic…3 mk
- Q30Compare and analyse the following information related to distribution of employment in India:4 mk
- Q30(i) Distinguish between human capital and physical capital. (ii) Describe ‘LPG’ and ‘Gobar Gas’ as strategies used to…4 mk
- Q30Read the following text carefully: China underwent substantial policy changes to stimulate their economy. China’s…4 mk
- Q30Evaluate any two factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China.4 mk
- Q31(i) Distinguish between human capital and physical capital. (ii) Define Sustainable Development. OR (i) Describe…4 mk
- Q31“IT can play a critical role in achieving sustainable development and food security in the 21st century in the…4 mk
- Q31State and explain any two steps undertaken by the Government of India for the protection and promotion of Small-scale…4 mk
- Q31Read the given text carefully and answer the following questions: In response to the problem of rapidly rising…4 mk
- Q32“Ram was employed for less than 10 days in a company. He does not get social security benefits.” Identify and explain…4 mk
- Q32State and elaborate whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments: The Indian economy has shown…4 mk
- Q32Argue in favour of the need for different forms of government intervention in education and health sectors.4 mk
- Q32“It is necessary to generate more employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector.” Justify the…4 mk
- Q32State and elaborate whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments: In the Indian rural…4 mk
- Q32State and elaborate whether the following statements are true/false, with valid arguments: Organic farming offers a…4 mk
- Q33(i) Discuss briefly, causes and consequences of tax reforms taken by the Indian Government during economic reforms.…6 mk
- Q33(i) “Indian economy has hugely benefitted by the disinvestment policy adopted by the Government of India in the post…6 mk
- Q33(i) Explain any two similar developmental strategies followed by India and Pakistan in post 1947 era. (ii) State and…6 mk
- Q33(i) “Import substitution policy, if not applied carefully, can be a double-edged sword for any economy.” Do you agree…6 mk
- Q33(i) “Globalisation has been a process for India with only positive results.” Defend or refute the given statement with…6 mk
- Q34Read the following text carefully: Indian labour market indicators have improved in the last six years, as per the…6 mk
- Q34Read the following text carefully: Growing carbon footprint of industries have put power and steel sector in the…6 mk
- Q34Read the following text carefully: The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) measures the percentage of the population…6 mk
- Q34(i) “Indian economy has greatly benefitted by the process of globalisation.” Justify the given statement with valid…6 mk
- Q34(i) “Import substitution policy, if not applied carefully, can be a double-edged sword for any economy.” Do you agree…6 mk
- Q34Read the following text carefully: The National-Level Multi-State Cooperative Society recently approved by the Union…6 mk
Other Economics years
Answers come from CBSE’s own marking schemes. How we source them.