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Business Studies · 2026 · 6 marks
CBSE 2026 · Region 2 · Set 1 · Q31
(a) Explain ‘Science, not Rule of Thumb’ as a principle of Scientific Management and ‘Functional Foremanship’ and ‘Time study’ as techniques of…
(a)
Explain ‘Science, not Rule of Thumb’ as a principle of Scientific
Management and ‘Functional Foremanship’ and ‘Time study’ as
techniques of Scientific Management.
OR
(b)
Explain the following principles of General Management :
(i)
Unity of Command
(ii)
Esprit De Corps
(iii)
Stability of Personnel
Marking-scheme solution
(a)
Science, not Rule of Thumb
§ It states that there is only one best method to maximise efficiency which can be
developed through study and analysis. This best method should substitute ‘Rule of
Thumb’ throughout the organisation.
§ Scientific method involves unifying the best practices and developing a standard
method to be followed throughout the organisation.
Functional Foremanship
§ Functional foremanship is a technique which aims to improve the quality of
supervision at shop floor by putting a worker under eight specialist foremen.
§ In this technique, planning is separated from execution. Taylor suggested four
foremen for planning, namely, route clerk, instruction card clerk, time and cost
clerk and disciplinarian and four foremen for execution, namely, gang boss, speed
boss, repair boss and inspector.
Time study
§ It is a technique of scientific management which determines the standard time taken
to perform a well-defined job.
§ It is used to determine the number of workers to be employed; frame suitable
incentive schemes and determine labour costs.
Q. (b) Explain the following principles of General Management:
(i)
Unity of Command
(ii)
Esprit De Corps
(iii)
Stability of Personnel
(i)
Unity of Command
§ The principle of unity of command states that each employee in an organisation
should receive orders from one superior only and he should be responsible to only
one superior.
§ There should be one and only one boss for every individual employee. It prevents
confusion regarding tasks to be done.
(ii)
Esprit De Corps
§ The principle of Esprit De Corps states that the management should promote a team
spirit of unity and harmony among employees, otherwise objectives would be
difficult to realise.
§ This will give rise to a spirit of mutual trust and belongingness among team
members and will minimise the need for using penalties.
(iii)
Stability of Personnel
§ The principle of Stability of Personnel states that personnel should be selected and
appointed after due and rigorous procedure but once selected, they should be kept at
their post for a minimum fixed tenure and be given reasonable time to show results.
§ It will help to minimize employee turnover and maintain organizational efficiency.
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CBSE Class 12 Business Studies past-paper question from the 2026 board exam, with the answer as CBSE’s own marking scheme gives it. Where our answers come from.