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Explain ‘Co-operation, Not Individualism’ as a principle of Scientific Management and ‘Fatigue Study’ and ‘Differential Piece Wage System’ as…

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Co-operation, not Individualism § This principle emphasises that there should be complete cooperation between the labour and the management instead of individualism. Competition should be replaced by cooperation and both the management and the workers should realise that they need each other. § Management should not close its ears to any constructive suggestions made by the employees and should reward the suggestions which results in substantial reduction in cost. The workers should be part of management and if any important decisions are taken, they should be taken into confidence. Fatigue Study § Fatigue Study determines the amount and frequency of rest intervals in completing a task. § A person is bound to feel tired physically and mentally if he/she does not rest while working. The rest intervals will help one to regain stamina and work again with the same capacity. • Differential Piece Wage System Differential Piece Wage System is a technique which differentiates between efficient and less efficient workers. It rewards the efficient workers and motivates • the less efficient ones to improve their efficiency. In this plan, there are different rates of wage payment- higher for those who performed standard output or more and lower for those who performed below the standard output. The difference in the wage payment motivates the inefficient workers to perform better. OR Q. (b) Explain the following principles of General Management: (i) Initiative (ii) Scalar chain (iii) Authority and responsibility (i) Initiative § Initiative means taking the first step with self motivation. Principle of initiative states that the workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvements. § A good company should have an employee suggestion system whereby initiative/ suggestions which result in substantial reduction in cost/ time should be rewarded but it does not mean going against the established practices of the company. (i) Scalar Chain § The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as Scalar chain. Organisations should have a chain of authority and communication that runs from top to bottom and should be followed by managers and the subordinates. § This chain should not be violated in the normal course of formal communication. However, in case of any emergency, a shorter route named gang plank may be used to avoid delay in communication. (iii) Authority and responsibility § The principle of Authority and Responsibility suggests that managers require authority commensurate with their responsibility. Authority is the right to give orders and obtain obedience and responsibility is the corollary of authority. § An organisation should build safeguards against abuse of managerial power. At the same time, a manager should have necessary authority to carry out his responsibility.

Explain ‘Co-operation, Not Individualism’ as a principle of Scientific
Management and ‘Fatigue Study’ and ‘Differential Piece Wage
System’ as techniques of Scientific Management.

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