(a) "The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries." Support the statement with appropriate arguments.

(i) Manufacturing industries are the backbone of modern economies.

(ii) Manufacturing industries helps in modernising agriculture.

(iii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income.

(iv) Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment.

(v) It brings down regional disparities.

(vi) It reduces poverty.

(vii) It helps in the expansion of trade and commerce.

(viii) It brings in foreign exchange.

(b) “There is a need to save clean water from industrial pollution in India”. Support the statement with suitable arguments.

(i) The percentage of fresh water availability is very limited in the world.

(ii) Industries are one of the major pollutants of fresh water. For ex: Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, petroleum, refineries, dyeing industries are the major pollutants of water.

(iii) Tanneries, electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salt and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilizers etc release the toxic substances directly into the water bodies.

(iv) Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

(v) Hot water and effluents should be treated before releasing into the fresh water bodies.

(vi) Primary treatment of water by mechanical means.

(vii) Secondary treatment of water by biological means.

(viii) Promotion of reuse and recycling of water should be encouraged.