(a) Analyse the role of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country.

(i) Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development.

(ii) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.

(iii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iv) Industrial development leads to eradication of unemployment and poverty from a country.

(v) It helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(vi) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.

(vii) It brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(viii) Countries that have higher contribution to GDP from industrial sector are prosperous.

(ix) India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries.

(b) Analyse the different types of industrial pollution.

(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases.

(ii) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles.

(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

(iv) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

(v) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.

(vi) Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

(vii) Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

(viii) Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

(ix) Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.

(x) Rainwater percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

(xi) Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.

(xii) Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.