(a) How are industries the main source of water pollution? Mention any two suggestions for the conservation of water.

(i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharge into rivers.

(ii) The main culprit in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical industries, etc

(iii) Electroplating industries that let out detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers into the water bodies.

(iv) Fly ash, Phospho-gypsum and iron steel slags are the major solid waste in India.

Suggestions

(i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement.

(iii) Installation of water saving equipments.

(b) How are industries the main factor for air pollution? Mention any two suggestions to overcome the problem of air pollution.

(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases.

(ii) Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.

(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper industries, brick cleanse, refineries and smelting plants.

(iv) Leakage of toxic gases from industries.

Suggestions

(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators.

(ii) Use of fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in the factories.