(a) Explain the measures to reduce industrial pollution with examples.

(i) Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing recycling in two or more successive stages.

(ii) Rain water harvesting to meet the water requirements.

(iii)Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases-

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process.

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical, and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

(iv) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

(v) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(vi) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

(vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

(viii) Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

(b) How is the economic progress of a country measured by the development of manufacturing industries? Explain with examples. The economic progress of a country measured by the development of manufacturing industries in the following ways:

(i) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture.

(ii) They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iv) It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

(vi) Manufacturing contributes to the GDP and increasing per capita income.