(a)OR(b)

Explain the following features of 'Planning':

(i)

Planning involves decision-making.

(ii)

Planning is pervasive.

• (i)Planning involves decision-making: Planning presupposes the existence of alternatives. If there is only one possible goal or a possible course of action, there is no • need for planning because there is no choice. Planning involves thorough examination and evaluation of various alternative courses of action and choosing the most appropriate one. • (ii)Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all • departments of the organisation. However, the scope of planning differs at different levels and among different departments.• (i) Method: Method is the prescribed way or manner in which a task has to be • performed. It deals with a task comprising one step of a procedure and specifies how this step is to be performed. • (ii) Budget: A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms. It is a plan which quantifies future facts and • figures. Since budget represents all items in numbers, it becomes easier to compare actual figures with expected figures and take corrective action.