(a) How did the French Revolution spread the spirit of nationalism in Europe? Explain with suitable arguments.

(i) The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.

(ii) The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

(iii) The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

(iv) The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.

(v) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.

(vi) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.

(vii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

(b) How did the Greek freedom struggle arouse nationalist sentiments in Europe? Explain with suitable arguments.

(i) An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.

(ii) Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

(iii) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.

(iv) Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

(v) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.

(vi) The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

(vii) Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of $\displaystyle 1832$ recognised Greece as an independent nation.