(A) How did the ideology of 'liberalism' affect the Europe in early nineteenth century? Explain. 5

i. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth – century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.

ii. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clergical privileges.

iii. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.

iv. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state – imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

v. It also stood for constitution and representative government through Parliament.

vi. It also stressed the inviolability of private property.

vii. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.

(B) Explain the process of formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain? Britain was not a nation-state prior to the 18th century. England had

i. people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions.

ii. The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance, and power and extended its influence over other nations of the islands.

iii. In $\displaystyle 1688$, nation – state with England at its center came to be forged English parliament seized power from the monarchy.

iv. In $\displaystyle 1707$ the Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain.’

v. England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres.

vi. British Parliament was dominated by English members.

vii. Thus formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was a long drawn process.