(A) Explain the role of Johann Gutenberg in the spread of print culture in Europe.

(i) Gutenberg learnt the art of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith and also acquired the knowledge to create the moulds for making trinkets.

(ii) Drawing on this knowledge he adopted the existing technology to design his innovation.

(iii) The first book he printed was the Bible and $\displaystyle 180$ copies were printed.

(iv) Printing press grew and book production boomed in Europe

(v) His innovation led to the Print Revolution.

(vi) Protestant Revolution and reading mania are significant outcomes of Print Revolution.

(B) Explain the role of print in the expansion of Protestant reformation.

(i) The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ‘Ninety- Five Theses’ criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.

(ii) A printed copy of this was posted on a church door in Wittenberg. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas.

(iii) Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in large number and read widely.

(iv) This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

(v) Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold many copies within a few weeks and a second edition appeared within three months.

(vi) Print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.

(vii) Deeply grateful to print Luther said, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one.'