(a) Analyse the changes in Indian printing by the end of the 19^th century.

(i) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.

(ii) Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.

(iii) Cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the bazaar.

(iv) Now poor people could buy these to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.

(v) These prints begin shaping popular ideas about modernity and traditions, religion and politics, society and culture.

(vi) By 1870s caricatures and cartoons in journals and newspapers, commenting on political and social issues.

(vii) Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians fascinated with western taste and cloths, while others expressed the fear of social change.

(b) Analyze the significant changes in printing technology during the 19th century in the world.

(i) Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power- driven cylindrical press.

(ii) The offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.

(iii) Electric operated press accelerated printing operations.

(iv) Method of feeding paper improved.

(v) Quality of plates became better.

(vi) Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour registers were introduced.

(vii) The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.