(a) Explain the role of anti-colonial movement in the rise of 'modern nationalism' in India.

(i) People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.

(ii) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.

(iii) Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied and their notions of freedom were not always the same.

(iv) Anti-colonial movements like Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement etc. played a big role in the rise of the modern nationalism in India.

(b) Why did Gandhiji say ‘Satyagraha is pure soul force’? Explain by giving two arguments.

(i) Satyagraha is pure soul force because truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called Satyagraha.

(ii) The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love. Non-violence is the supreme dharma.

(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha is not a physical force.

(iv) A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversity; he does not seek his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.