(a) Explain the measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the people during the French…

The measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the people during the people during the French Revolution were-

(i) France was a full- fledged territorial state in $\displaystyle 1789$ under the rule of an absolute monarch

(ii) The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to French citizens.

(iii) From the very beginning the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

(iv) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights.

(v) A new French tricolor was chosen.

(vi) The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens.

(vii) National Assembly was reformed.

(viii) New hymns were composed.

(b) How did nationalism align with imperialism lead Europe to disaster in $\displaystyle 1914$? Explain. Nationalism aligned with imperialism lead Europe to disaster in $\displaystyle 1914$ in the following way-

(i) Many countries in the world had been colonized by European powers in the 19th Century.

(ii) The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist.

(iii) They were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.

(iv) By the last quarter of the 19th Century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment of the first half of the century but became a narrow creed with limited ends.

(v) During this period nationalist groups became intolerant of each other and were ready to go to war.

(vi) The main European power manipulated the nationalist aspiration of the subjects in Europe to further their gains.

(vii) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after $\displaystyle 1871$ was the area called the Balkans.

(viii) This region was under the Ottoman Empire and by the latter half of the nineteenth century these states had successfully declared their independence from it.

(ix) As different Slavic nations struggled to identify their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.

(x) Matters were further complicated because the Balkans became an area of big power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies as well as naval and military might.

(xi) This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.