(a) Explain the expansion of the 'Non-Cooperation Movement' in the countryside.

(i) The Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside drawing into its fold the struggles of peasants and tribal.

(ii) In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra.

(iii) The movement demanded- reduction of revenue as charged by talukdars and landlords.

(iv) Abolition of begar was demanded.

(v) The movement advocated for security of tenure and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

(vi) Nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.

(vii) When the Non-Cooperation Movement began in $\displaystyle 1921$, the Congress intended to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.

(viii) In $\displaystyle 1921$, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked with the spread of the movement.

(ix) The peasants looted the bazaars and took over the hoarded grains.

(x) In many places, local leaders told peasants to not pay taxes and about redistribution of land among the poor in the name of Gandhiji.

(xi) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s - led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

(xii) The British government prevented people from entering the forests to graze their cattle.

(xiii) The tribal peasants could not collect fuelwood and fruits enraging the hill people.

(xiv) Their livelihoods were affected and they felt that their traditional rights were being denied.

(xv) The government forced them to do begar for road building leading to revolt.

(xvi) The people got inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement and started to wear khadi and gave up drinking.

(xvii) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

(b) How did icons and symbols play an important role in the development of nationalism in India? Explain.

(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image.

(ii) It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

(iii) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.

(iv) In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

(v) Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

(vi) Nationalist leaders became increasingly aware of icons & symbols in unifying people.

(vii) During Swadeshi movement a tricolor flag (red, green & yellow) was designed.

(viii) It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India.

(ix) By $\displaystyle 1921$ Gandhiji had designed Swaraj flag, a tricolour (red, green and white), it had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

(x) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.