CBSE 2026 · Region 3 · Set 1 · Q32 · 5 marks
(a)Explain any two basic principles/core techniques on which biotechnology is based.(ii)Describe any three key tools used in Recombinant DNA technology."Early and accurate diagnosis of diseases is vital in medical technology."(i)Name the conventional methods of diagnosis and their disadvantages.(ii)Which three diagnostic techniques have been developed through Biotechnology ? Explain how each one helps in detecting diseases.
(a)
Explain any two basic principles/core techniques on which biotechnology is based.
(ii)
Describe any three key tools used in Recombinant DNA technology.
"Early and accurate diagnosis of diseases is vital in medical technology."
(i)
Name the conventional methods of diagnosis and their disadvantages.
(ii)
Which three diagnostic techniques have been developed through Biotechnology ? Explain how each one helps in detecting diseases.
Marking-scheme solution
(i)
• Genetic Engineering
Technique to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism.
• Bioprocess Engineering
Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical engineering process to enable growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological/ biological products like antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc.
(ii)
• Restriction Enzymes
(Molecular Scissors)
Cut DNA at specific point on sugar phosphate backbone /They cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, called palindromes
They create sticky ends
• Cloning vectors
These are DNA molecules used to carry foreign genes into a host cell.
• Competent host
These are living organisms in which recombinant DNA is introduced
(i)
Urine analysis/ stool analysis/ sputum analysis/ Serum Analysis
Disadvantages: Early detection not possible/ Detect the disease when it has spread/ shows symptoms
(ii)
Three molecular diagnostic techniques:
• Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR)
Amplifies specific DNA sequences from very small samples.
• ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay)
Based on antigen - antibody interaction infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigen / by detecting the antibodies synthesised against the pathogen.
• A single stranded DNA or RNA tagged with radioactive molecule
(probe) is created it binds to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using autoradiography,
Clone having mutated gene will not appears on photographic film as it does not have complementarity.
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CBSE Class 12 Biology past-paper question from the 2026board exam, with the answer as CBSE’s own marking scheme gives it. Where our answers come from.