(A) "Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of the unification of Germany. " Examine the statement.

(i) Otto von Bismarck played a decisive role in the unification of Germany called as architect.

(ii) He used diplomacy and careful planning to unite German States.

(iii) Bismarck carried out with the help of Prussian army and Bureaucracy.

(iv) Three Wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in victory and unification of Germany.

(v) He established and consolidated new German States.

(vi) In January $\displaystyle 1871$, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

(vii) In the palace of Versailles, to proclaim the new German empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.

(B) “The $\displaystyle 1830$’s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.” Examine the statement.

(i) The $\displaystyle 1830$’s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

(ii) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(iii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.

(iv) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(v) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

(vi) This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.

(vii) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(viii) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.