Explain the implication of print culture on the religious reforms in India during $\displaystyle 19{ }^{\text {th }}$ century.

(i) Printing led to intense debate around religious issues of that time.

(ii)Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways, and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.

(iii) Some criticised existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of reformers. These debates were carried out in public and in print.

(iv)Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate.

(v) Intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry.

(vi) In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments.

(vii) To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed. Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from $\displaystyle 1821$ and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika.

(viii) $\displaystyle 1822$, two Persian newspapers were published, Jam-i- Jahan Numa and Shamsul Akhbar.