(a) Explain the features of primitive subsistence and commercial farming in India.

Primitive Subsistence Farming:

(i) This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India.

(ii) Primitive subsistence farming practised on small patches of land.

(iii) Use primitive tools like Hoe, Dao and digging sticks.

(iv) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of soil and suitability of essential condition to crops grown.

(v) It is a slash and burn agriculture.

Commercial farming:

(i) The main characteristics of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs e.g., HYV seeds, Chemical fertilizers insecticides and pesticides.

(ii) It obtains higher productivity.

(iii) The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.

(iv) Plantation is also a type of Commercial farming.

(v) Example : Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crops.

(B) Explain the features of intensive subsistence and plantation farming in India.

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

(i) This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

(ii) It is labour-intensive farming

(iii) High doses of biochemical inputs

(iv) Irrigation is used for obtaining higher production.

Plantation Farming:

i. It is a type of commercial farming.

ii. In this type of farming a single crop is grown.

iii. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

iv. Plantations cover large tracts of land intensive imports with help of migrant labours.