(a) Analyse the significance of the 'Napoleonic Code' in making the administrative system rational and efficient.

The Civil Code of $\displaystyle 1804$ – usually known as the Napoleonic Code –

(i) It did away with all privileges based on birth,

(ii) It established equality before the law.

(iii) It secured the right to property.

(iv) Napoleonic Code simplified administrative divisions,

(v) It abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

(vi) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.

(vii) Transport and communication systems were improved.

(viii) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a newfound freedom.

(ix) Businessmen and small-scale producers began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a common national currency facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

(b)How was liberalism allied to national unity in Europe in the early decades of the 19th century? Analyze For the new middle classes in the 19th century Europe, liberalism

(i) stood for freedom for the individual.

(ii) It also stood for equality of all before the law.

(iii) Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.

(iv) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.

(v) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

(vi) Formation of Zollverein to promote economic growth