(a) Analyse the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the unification of Italy.

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807.

(ii) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

(iii) As a young man of $\displaystyle 24$, he was sent into exile in $\displaystyle 1831$ for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

(iv) He founded two more underground societies, first, ‘Young Italy’ in Marseilles, and then, ‘Young Europe’ in Berne.

(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.

(vi) It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.

(vii) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

(viii) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

(b) “The 1830s were considered as beginning of great difficulties in Europe.” Analyze the statement.

(i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.

(iii) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iv) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialization was more advanced than on the continent.

(v) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

(vi) The rise in food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.