(a) Analyse the process of German Unification.

i. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle- class German, who in $\displaystyle 1848$ tried to unite the different regions of German confederation into a nation – state governed by elected parliament.

ii. This liberal initiative to nation – building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.

iii. Three –wars over seven years – with Austria, Demark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed process of Unification.

iv. On $\displaystyle 18$ January $\displaystyle 1871$, the Prussia king, Kaiser William I was proclaimed German emperor is a ceremony held at Versailles.

v. The nation – building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.

(b) Analyse the process of Italian unification.

i. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which one Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.

ii. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent Programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

iii. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the region of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

iv. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia – Piedmont succeeded in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.

v. In $\displaystyle 1861$ Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy.