(a) "The goals of development may also be contradictory." Examine the statement through examples.

(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals and what may be development for one may not be development for the other.

(ii) It may even be destructive for the other. Each one of them seeks different things.

(iii) They seek things that are most important for them, something which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.

(iv) In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting/contradictory.

(v) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.

(vi) Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced.

(b) Explain the significance and limitations of average income for comparing different countries with examples.

Significance:

(i) Average income is also known as per Capita income.

(ii) It provides a basic understanding of the standard of living within a population by showing the average amount of money earned per person.

(iii) It is an indicator of development signifying a higher standard of living among people.

(iv) Countries with per capita income of US$ $\displaystyle 49,300$ per annum and above in $\displaystyle 2019$, are called high income or rich countries.

(v) Those with per capita income of US$ $\displaystyle 2500$ or less are called low-income countries.

(vi) India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in $\displaystyle 2019$ was just US$$\displaystyle 6700$ per annum.

(vii) The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

Limitations:

(i) Average income is not a reliable index of economic development.

(ii) Average income does not consider individual differences.

(iii) Average income though useful for comparison but also hides disparities.

(iv) Average income does not reflect the quality of human life.