(A) (i) Define the term functional group. Identify the functional groups present in the following carbon compounds: (ii) What happens when ethanol…

(i) Functional Group: A hetero atom or group of atoms attached to the carbon chain, which gives specific properties to the carbon compounds.

(I) Ketone

(II) Carboxylic acid

(ii) Ethanoic acid is formed \[\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH} \xrightarrow[\text { Acidified } \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}+\text { Heat }]{ } \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH} \]

oxygen is added to ethanol and converts /oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid.

(iii) \(\displaystyle \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{NaOH} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COONa}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

(B) (i) Soaps are prepared by heating an ester (animal fat / vegetable oil) with a base such as sodium hydroxide. \[\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \xrightarrow[\text { Sodium ethanoate }]{\mathrm{NaOH}} \underset{\text { Sol }}{\mathrm{CH}} \mathrm{COONa}+\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH} \]

(ii) Ionic (hydrophilic) end of the soap interacts with water while the carbon chain(hydrophobic) interacts with oil. Thus micelles are formed. Emulsion is formed in the water. Soap micelles pull out the dirt and oil in water.